Drilldown: Medicines
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generic:
brand:
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
None (7) ·
Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) ·
GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) ·
GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) ·
GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) ·
GABAA potentiator (1) ·
GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) ·
GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) ·
Kappa agonist; mu antagonist (1) ·
Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist (1) ·
Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist/antagonist (1) ·
Melatonin receptor agonist (2) ·
Mu-opioid agonist; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (1) ·
Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) ·
Mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) ·
Mu-opioid receptor agonist; prodrug (metabolized to morphine) (1) ·
Mu-opioid receptor agonist; sodium channel blocker (1) ·
Mu/kappa/delta agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) ·
Partial mu-opioid agonist; kappa antagonist (1) ·
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; calcium channel blocker (1) ·
Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) ·
Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (3) ·
Prodrug; converted to [[Morphine|morphine]] by [[Enzyme:CYP2D6|CYP2D6]] for analgesic action. (1) ·
Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000124C-QINU`"' The 400 mg/d dose for migraine prophylaxis is supported by randomized trials (Schoenen 1998) and remains a low-risk evidence-based supplement option. Characteristic bright-yellow urine fluorescence with high-dose oral supplementation. (1)
uses:
None (46) ·
Mild to moderate pain; cough suppression (low-dose). (1) ·
No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000005B3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B4-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B6-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001035-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001036-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001037-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000124D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000124E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000124F-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000012CE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012D0-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000012E5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E6-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E8-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (46) ·
0.4 mg PO daily (general prevention); 0.8-1 mg/d in pregnancy; 4 mg/d for women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy; 1 mg/d during methotrexate therapy (1) ·
Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) ·
General supplementation 75-90 mg/d (RDA); scurvy treatment 100-1000 mg/d for several weeks; megadose claims unsupported (1) ·
Migraine prophylaxis: 400 mg PO daily; deficiency replacement 5-30 mg/d (1) ·
Niaspan ER 500 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly to 1-2 g/d; flushing-protective aspirin 30-60 minutes before dose; pellagra replacement 100-500 mg/d (1) ·
No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) ·
Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1) ·
Replacement: 15-30 mg (22.5-45 IU) daily; NASH: 800 IU daily; AREDS-2: 400 IU daily (in combination formula) (1)
preparations:
None (46) ·
0.4, 0.8, 1 mg OTC; 1 mg Rx; 5 mg/mL injection (1) ·
100, 200, 400 IU softgels and capsules; many proprietary OTC blends; combined formulations (AREDS-2) (1) ·
100, 250, 500, 1000 mg tablets, chewables, gummies, effervescent; IV (specialty) (1) ·
100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) ·
25, 50, 100, 250, 400 mg tablets; OTC (1) ·
Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) ·
OTC IR niacin 50-500 mg tablets; Niaspan ER 500, 750, 1000 mg tablets; "no-flush" niacin (inositol hexaniacinate, lacks evidence) (1) ·
Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1)
fda max:
None (46) ·
1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications (1) ·
2 g/d (Niaspan); higher off-label use historical (1) ·
360 mg/day (1) ·
N/A (never approved) (1) ·
No strict ceiling for water-soluble vitamin; UL not set (1) ·
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) ·
UL 1000 mg (~1500 IU natural)/d in adults; routinely exceeded in older AREDS-1 trials (1) ·
UL 2000 mg/d in adults (1)
routes:
onset:
None (46) ·
30–60 min (PO) (1) ·
Days for symptom improvement in scurvy (1) ·
Days to weeks for tissue saturation (1) ·
Hematologic response within days (1) ·
Lipid changes 4-8 weeks (1) ·
Migraine effect after 1-3 months of daily use (1) ·
Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) ·
~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
halflife:
None (46) ·
2.5–3 hours (1) ·
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) ·
~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer (1) ·
~1 hour (IR niacin); ER formulations extend functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00001038-QINU`"' (1) ·
~1-2 hours plasma (riboflavin itself); FAD/FMN tissue cofactors are continuous (1) ·
~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours (1) ·
~3-4 days plasma; adipose tissue stores last months (1) ·
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1)
bioavailability:
None (46) ·
High (oral) (1) ·
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"' (1) ·
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption (1) ·
Not formally characterized in humans. (1) ·
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) ·
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) ·
~50-60% (oral; food enhances) (1) ·
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg) (1)
pregnancy:
None (46) ·
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) ·
Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) ·
Pharmacologic doses generally avoided in pregnancy; vitamin doses fine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Safe at replacement and supplement doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Safe at replacement doses; high-dose use generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
None (47) ·
OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US (1) ·
OTC (low-dose, dietary supplement) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Niaspan ER) in US (1) ·
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) ·
OTC in US (3) ·
US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1)
Showing below up to 54 results in range #1 to #54.