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Codeine (2)

None (12)

Other values:

Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4)

Other values:

None (44) · 20 mg PO once daily 30-60 minutes before breakfast (1) · 20 mg PO twice daily, or 40 mg at bedtime (1) · 20-40 mg PO once daily, 30-60 minutes before breakfast (1) · 40 mg PO or IV once daily (1) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)

None (29) · 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg tablets; chewables; 40 mg/5 mL oral suspension; 10 mg/mL IV (1) · 10, 20, 40 mg delayed-release capsules and tablets; 2 mg/mL oral suspension; immediate-release combo with sodium bicarbonate (Zegerid) (1) · 20 mg, 40 mg delayed-release tablets; 40 mg IV vial; oral suspension 40 mg/packet (1) · 20, 40 mg delayed-release capsules; 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg oral suspension packets; 20, 40 mg IV (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (48) · 160 mg/d (Zollinger-Ellison); 80 mg/d for routine indications (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · 40 mg/d typical; up to 240 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison (2) · 40 mg/d typical; up to 360 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison (1)

None (29) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · inhalation (2) · IV (4) · Oral (18) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · topical (1)

None (45) · 1 hour PO; minutes IV (1) · 15–30 min (2) · 2-3 hours per dose; full acid suppression after 3-5 days (1) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · Acid suppression within hours; full effect after 3-5 days of dosing (1) · Symptom relief 1-4 days; full acid suppression after 3-5 days of dosing (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (45) · 24+ hours (irreversible enzyme binding) (1) · 24-72 hours per dose (irreversible enzyme binding) (1) · 24-72 hours per dose (irreversible enzyme binding; effect outlasts plasma exposure) (1) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6-12 hours (1)

None (46) · 0.5-1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DE-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5-3.5 hours; longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025B-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · ~1 hour (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011D-QINU`"' (1) · ~1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect 24+ hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E8-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2)

None (47) · 30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"' (1) · 40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"' (1) · ~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (47) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used in obstetric reflux.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used. Cleared in lactation at low levels.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Widely used in obstetric reflux; reassuring data.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Widely used in pregnancy; meta-analyses do not show increased malformation risk.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

None (43) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · OTC (10-20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US (1) · OTC (20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US (1) · OTC (20 mg, 14-day course) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher and longer durations) in US (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1)