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Medicines (732)

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or [[:Category:Mood stabilizers|Mood stabilizer]]

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Codeine (2)

None (12)

Other values:

None (6) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4)

Other values:

None (46) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1) · Schizophrenia / acute mania: 5-10 mg PO once daily, target 10-15 mg/day. Acute agitation IM: 10 mg, may repeat in 2 hours. Relprevv LAI: 150-300 mg every 4 weeks after oral overlap (1) · Schizophrenia / mania: 1 mg PO BID, titrate to 4-8 mg/day. Pediatric autism irritability: 0.25-0.5 mg/day, weight-titrated. Consta LAI: 25 mg IM every 2 weeks after oral overlap (1) · Schizophrenia/bipolar mania: 10-15 mg PO once daily, target 15-30 mg. MDD adjunct: 2-5 mg/day, target 5-15 mg. Pediatric autism irritability: 2 mg, titrate to 5-15 mg. Maintena LAI: 400 mg IM every 4 weeks after oral overlap (1) · Seizures: 200 mg PO BID, titrate by 200 mg/week to 800-1200 mg/day. Trigeminal neuralgia: 100-200 mg BID, titrate to 200-400 mg TID. Bipolar: 200 mg BID, titrate to 1600 mg/day (1)

None (29) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · IR tablets 200 mg; chewable 100 mg; oral suspension 100 mg/5 mL; XR tablets 100, 200, 400 mg (Tegretol XR); ER capsules 100, 200, 300 mg (Carbatrol, Equetro) (1) · IR tablets 25, 100, 150, 200 mg; chewable dispersible tablets 2, 5, 25 mg; ODT 25, 50, 100, 200 mg; XR tablets 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300 mg (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Lithium carbonate: immediate-release capsules (150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg) and tablets (300 mg); extended-release tablets (300 mg, 450 mg). Lithium citrate: oral solution (8 mEq/5 mL, equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL) for patients unable to swallow tablets. (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1) · Tablets 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg; M-Tab ODT 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg; oral solution 1 mg/mL; Consta LAI 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 mg; Perseris SC LAI 90, 120 mg monthly (1) · Tablets 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mg; ODT 10, 15 mg; oral solution 1 mg/mL; acute IM injection 9.75 mg/1.3 mL; Maintena LAI 300, 400 mg monthly; Aristada LAI 441, 662, 882, 1064 mg (4-8 week dosing); Asimtufii bi-monthly (1) · Tablets 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 mg; ODT (Zydis) 5, 10, 15, 20 mg; acute IM injection 10 mg/vial; Relprevv LAI 210, 300, 405 mg vials (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (48) · 1200 mg/day (adult seizures); 1600 mg/day (bipolar mania) (1) · 16 mg/day (schizophrenia, adult); 6 mg/day (bipolar maintenance, autism irritability) (1) · 20 mg/day (oral) (1) · 30 mg/day (adult schizophrenia); 15 mg/day (MDD adjunct) (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · 400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication) (1) · No defined absolute maximum; dosing is guided by serum level monitoring. Levels above 1.5 mEq/L carry increasing toxicity risk. Levels consistently above 1.2 mEq/L are generally not maintained in clinical practice.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"' (1)

None (29) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · inhalation (2) · intramuscular (acute and long-acting) (2) · intramuscular (LAI) (1) · Oral (20) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · subcutaneous (LAI) (1) · topical (1)

None (45) · 15–30 min (2) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · Anticonvulsant effect within days; trigeminal neuralgia relief 24-72 hours; mood-stabilizing effect over weeks (1) · Antiepileptic effect within days at therapeutic level; mood-stabilizing effect emerges over weeks (1) · Antimanic effects begin within 5-7 days of reaching therapeutic serum levels, with full response often requiring 2-3 weeks. For acute mania, a neuroleptic is typically added for rapid sedation while lithium takes effect.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000053-QINU`"' (1) · Neuroleptic effect emerges over days to weeks (1) · Neuroleptic effect emerges over days to weeks; activation symptoms (akathisia, insomnia) often within days (1) · Sedation from first dose; neuroleptic effect emerges over days to weeks (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (46) · 24 hours (often divided BID at higher doses) (1) · 24 hours (oral); 2-4 weeks (LAI formulations) (1) · 24 hours (oral); 2-4 weeks (LAI) (1) · 24 hours (oral); 4-8 weeks (LAI) (1) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 4–6 hours (1) · BID-QID dosing (IR); BID for ER formulations (1)

None (46) · '''Autoinduction''': 25-65 hours initially, falling to 12-17 hours after 2-3 weeks of dosing as carbamazepine induces its own CYP3A4 metabolism. Major clinical implication: doses require re-titration after the autoinduction period'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · 21-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · Approximately 18-24 hours after acute administration; may extend to 36-48 hours with chronic dosing as tissue compartments equilibrate. Serum trough levels should be drawn 12 hours after the last dose for accurate interpretation.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"' (1) · Risperidone 3-20 hours; '''9-hydroxy-risperidone (paliperidone) ~20-24 hours''' is the major active metabolite and is separately marketed as a parent compound (Invega)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) · ~25-33 hours alone; ~15 hours with enzyme inducers; '''≥60 hours with valproate''' (UGT inhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~75 hours (long, accumulates over weeks)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"' (1)

None (48) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) · ~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) · ~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · ~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"' (1) · ~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (48) · '''Among the safest mood stabilizers in pregnancy''' with reassuring monotherapy registry data, in sharp contrast to valproate. Estrogen-containing contraceptives accelerate lamotrigine metabolism, requiring dose adjustments at start and stop of contraception'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) · '''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including neural tube defects, craniofacial malformations, cardiac defects, and growth restriction; folic acid supplementation and effective contraception are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Limited human data; signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Signal for gestational diabetes and metabolic syndrome with maternal exposure; the metabolic load can be substantial during pregnancy.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

None (45) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · Not a controlled substance in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, or Australia. Prescription-only in all of these jurisdictions due to the narrow therapeutic index and the need for serum monitoring. No abuse potential has been identified. (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the atypical-neuroleptic '''Boxed Warning''' for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning for serious skin reactions''' including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with the risk concentrated in the first 2-8 weeks of therapy and elevated by rapid titration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1)