Drilldown: Medicines

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Medicines (732)

Medicines > classes

: Opioid

or Research material

or [[:Category:Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists|Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist]]

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Codeine (2)

Other values:

5-HT2A agonist (26) · Monoamine releasing agent (9) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (8) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · None (2) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (2) · NMDA antagonist (2) · Prodrug of GHB (2)

Other values:

None (157) · 2 mg PO every 6-8 hours; titrate by 2-4 mg per dose every 1-4 days; maximum single dose 16 mg, maximum daily dose 36 mg (1) · ADHD (Kapvay ER): 0.1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly to 0.4 mg/day divided BID. HTN (IR): 0.1 mg PO BID, titrate by 0.1 mg increments (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · Intuniv ER 1 mg PO once daily; titrate by 1 mg/week as tolerated to clinical response (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (157) · Extended-release tablets 1, 2, 3, 4 mg (Intuniv); immediate-release tablets 1, 2 mg (Tenex) (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · IR tablets 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg; ER tablets 0.1, 0.2 mg (Kapvay); transdermal patches 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/24h (TTS-1/2/3, weekly); epidural injection (Duraclon) (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1) · Tablets 2, 4 mg; capsules 2, 4, 6 mg ('''capsules and tablets are not bioequivalent''': capsules slower with food; tablets faster on empty stomach) (1)

None (157) · 2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay) (1) · 36 mg/day in three divided doses; single dose maximum 16 mg (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · 7 mg/day in children and adolescents; weight-based ceiling (~0.12 mg/kg/day) applies in smaller patients (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)

None (157) · epidural injection (1) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (4) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · sublingual (1) · transdermal (1)

None (157) · 30-60 min (IR oral); 2-3 days to steady state (transdermal patch) (1) · 30-60 minutes (1) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · Gradual; full clinical effect over 2-4 weeks of titration (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (157) · 3-6 hours per dose (1) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · 8-12 hours (IR); ~7 days (transdermal patch) (1) · ~24 hours (ER formulation supports once-daily dosing) (1)

None (157) · 12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5 hours (short, requires TID-QID dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~17-18 hours (Intuniv ER); ~17 hours (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"' (1)

None (157) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) · ~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1)

None (157) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Limited human data. Animal studies show fetal effects at maternally toxic doses; use only if benefits justify the potential risk.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limited human data.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

None (158) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol among muscle-spasm options'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful contrast to the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1)

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