Drilldown: Medicines

Codeine (2)

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None (21)

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Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antipsychotic · Antiparkinsonian · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None (4) · Active metabolite of tramadol; mu-opioid agonist (1) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · Extremely potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Highly potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu antagonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist/antagonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Mitragynine/7-hydroxymitragynine; mu-opioid partial agonist (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; modulates glutamate AMPA receptors (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; fentanyl analogue (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; prodrug (metabolized to morphine) (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; sodium channel blocker (1) · Mu/kappa/delta agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Opioid receptor partial agonist/antagonist; toxic alkaloid (1) · Partial mu-opioid agonist; kappa antagonist (1) · Partial mu-opioid receptor agonist; alpha-2 agonist (1) · Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; calcium channel blocker (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Prodrug of morphine; mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Prodrug; converted to [[Morphine|morphine]] by [[Enzyme:CYP2D6|CYP2D6]] for analgesic action. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Selective mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Ultra-short-acting mu-opioid agonist (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7A-QINU`"' Substantial QT-interval prolongation — the most QT-prolonging fluoroquinolone — limits use in patients on other QT-prolonging agents or with electrolyte abnormalities'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D7B-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BC-QINU`"' Topical ophthalmic and otic formulations remain widely used in ENT and ophthalmology. Subject to all fluoroquinolone-class restrictions (tendinitis/rupture, peripheral neuropathy, QT prolongation)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014BD-QINU`"'. (1)

None (60) · Mild to moderate pain; cough suppression (low-dose). (1) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000932-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000933-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000934-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000935-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000936-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000937-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CEF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF2-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF4-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D80-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D81-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C2-QINU`"' (1)

None (60) · 400 mg PO/IV once daily (1) · 500-750 mg PO BID; 400 mg IV q8-12h (1) · 500-750 mg PO/IV once daily (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · Oral 200-400 mg BID; ophthalmic 1-2 drops in affected eye(s) q2-4h initially, then taper; otic 5-10 drops in affected ear BID (1)

None (60) · 200, 300, 400 mg tablets (mostly generic now); 0.3% ophthalmic solution; 0.3% otic solution (1) · 250, 500, 750 mg IR tablets; 500, 1000 mg ER tablets (XR); 250, 500 mg/5 mL oral suspension; 200, 400 mg IV; 0.3% ophthalmic solution and ointment; 0.2% otic (1) · 250, 500, 750 mg tablets; 25 mg/mL oral solution; 25 mg/mL IV (premix bags 250, 500, 750 mg); 0.5%, 1.5% ophthalmic solutions (1) · 400 mg tablets; 400 mg/250 mL IV; 0.5% ophthalmic solution (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1)

None (60) · 360 mg/day (1) · 400 mg/d (1) · 750 mg/d (1) · 800 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · ~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV) (1)

None (60) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · IV (3) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (5) · otic (2) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · sublingual (1) · topical ophthalmic (3)

None (60) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · Hours (4) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (60) · 12 hours (1) · 24 hours (2) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · 8-12 hours (1)

None (60) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · 4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"' (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D82-QINU`"' (1) · ~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF5-QINU`"' (1) · ~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"' (1)

None (60) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"' (1)

None (60) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (2) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1)

None (62) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D84-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C5-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin: tendinitis/tendon rupture (especially elderly, corticosteroid co-use), peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, worsening of myasthenia gravis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF7-QINU`"' (1)