Drilldown: Medicines

Codeine (2)

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None (21)

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Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antiparkinsonian · Antipsychotic · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None (3) · Active metabolite of tramadol; mu-opioid agonist (1) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · Extremely potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Highly potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu antagonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist/antagonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Mitragynine/7-hydroxymitragynine; mu-opioid partial agonist (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; modulates glutamate AMPA receptors (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; fentanyl analogue (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; prodrug (metabolized to morphine) (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; sodium channel blocker (1) · Mu/kappa/delta agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Opioid receptor partial agonist/antagonist; toxic alkaloid (1) · Partial mu-opioid receptor agonist; alpha-2 agonist (1) · Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; calcium channel blocker (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Prodrug of morphine; mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Prodrug; converted to [[Morphine|morphine]] by [[Enzyme:CYP2D6|CYP2D6]] for analgesic action. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Selective mu-opioid receptor agonist (1) · Ultra-short-acting mu-opioid agonist (1)

None (58) · Mild to moderate pain; cough suppression (low-dose). (1) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000013-QINU`"' (1)

None (58) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · Children ≤70 kg: 0.5 mg/kg/day, titrate to 1.2 mg/kg/day after 3 days. Adults and children >70 kg: 40 mg PO once daily for 3 days, then 80 mg/day, then if needed 100 mg/day after 2-4 weeks (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (58) · Capsules 10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1)

None (58) · 100 mg/day (adult); 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg total (pediatric, whichever lower) (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)

None (58) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (2) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · sublingual (1)

None (58) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · ADHD effect emerges over 1-2 weeks (slower than psychostimulants); full effect 4-6 weeks (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (58) · 24 hours (once-daily or split BID dosing) (1) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)

None (58) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~5 hours in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers; ~21 hours in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"' (1)

None (58) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"' (1)

None (58) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)

None (59) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Not a controlled substance''', the principal clinical selling point versus psychostimulant ADHD options. Carries the antidepressant-class '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidal ideation in pediatric patients'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"' (1)