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Research material (131) · Classic Psychedelic (69) · Stimulant (43) · Opioid (29) · Sedative-Hypnotic (29) · Tryptamine (26) · Phenethylamine (25) · Botanical (23) · Benzodiazepine (22) · Anticonvulsant (19) · Dissociative (19) · Plant Medicine (18) · Antidepressant (17) · Antiparkinsonian (16) · Antipsychotic (16) · Empathogen (16) · Analgesic (15) · Neuroleptic (15) · Cathinone (14) · Nootropic (13)

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5-HT2A agonist (27) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (22) · None (11) · Monoamine releasing agent (11) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Sodium channel blocker (6) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · GABAA potentiator; NMDA antagonist (5) · Phenothiazine D2 antagonist (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · 5-HT1B/1D agonist (4) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Muscarinic receptor antagonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (4)

None (408) · 0.5–1 oz (10–30 g) ground for psychoactive effect; far smaller for culinary use (1) · 5 mg PO (1) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Acute mania: 300 mg PO TID (immediate-release) or 900 mg PO once daily (extended-release Lithobid); titrate based on serum levels to target 0.8-1.2 mEq/L. Maintenance: target 0.6-0.8 mEq/L. All dosing guided by serum lithium levels drawn at the 12-hour post-dose standardized trough. (1) · Chronic migraine (PREEMPT protocol): 155 units divided across 31 sites in 7 head/neck muscle groups every 12 weeks (1) · Narcolepsy: 75 mg PO once daily upon awakening, titrate every 3 days. OSA: 37.5 mg PO once daily, titrate. (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · Schizophrenia: 1 mg PO daily × 4 days, then 2 mg daily × 3 days, then 4 mg daily. MDD adjunct: 0.5-1 mg daily, increase to 2 mg max. AD agitation: 0.5 mg daily, titrate to 2-3 mg daily. (1)

None (393) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg tablets (1) · 50, 100, or 200 unit vials of lyophilized powder for reconstitution (1) · 75 mg, 150 mg tablets (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Desoxyn 5 mg tabs (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Ground dried seed (nutmeg) or fruit aril (mace); occasionally infused (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Parotid-gland venom expressed onto a glass plate, dried into a shellac-like resin, vaporized and inhaled (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (413) · 150 mg/d (1) · 195 units/treatment for chronic migraine; max varies by problem (1) · 25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label) (1) · 4 mg/d (schizophrenia); 3 mg/d (AD agitation); 3 mg/d (MDD adjunct) (1)

None (392) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · inhalation (2) · Inhalation (vaporized) (1) · Intramuscular (PREEMPT injections for migraine) (1) · Oral (16) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (prescribed) (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · Oral only. No parenteral lithium formulation exists for clinical use. (1) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · topical (1)

None (409) · 15–30 min (2) · 1–2 weeks for muscle effects; preventive migraine benefit accrues over 12-week cycles (1) · Oral peak plasma 1-2 hours (immediate-release); 4-6 hours (extended-release). Therapeutic antimanic effect typically evident within 5-14 days of achieving target serum levels; for acute mania, a neuroleptic or benzodiazepine is usually co-administered while lithium titration proceeds. (1) · Seconds (1) · Slow, 2–6 h (1) · Weeks for psychosis/depression; AD agitation benefit emerges over weeks (1) · ~30-60 min (1)

None (408) · 12–24 h or longer (1) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · About 20 minutes (1) · Daily dosing (1) · Lithium's mood-stabilizing benefit is prophylactic and requires continuous maintenance dosing; it is not a PRN or acute-episode-only medicine. Discontinuation is associated with high relapse rates and a potentially rebound worsening of episode frequency. (1) · ~12 weeks (1) · ~15 min (1) · ~9 hours (1)

None (411) · 18-36 hours at steady state; longer in elderly patients (24-60 hours) and those with renal impairment. Half-life is entirely a function of glomerular filtration rate, as lithium is exclusively renally eliminated with no hepatic metabolism.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"' (1) · 9–12 minutes (intravenous) (1) · Tissue half-life not formally measured; clinical effect ~12 weeks (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (1) · ~7.1 hours (1) · ~91 hours (1)

None (413) · Category C (per Desoxyn label) (1) · Category C; limited data (1) · Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry available (1) · Limited data; pregnancy exposure registry available (1)

None (406) · 5-MeO-DMT is Schedule I in US (since 2011); the toad itself is protected in several southwestern states (1) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Rx (1) · Rx, Schedule IV (US) (1) · Rx; black-box warning for distant spread of toxin effect (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Schedule II (1) · [[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]]. Not scheduled; no abuse potential. One of the oldest continually-used psychotropic medicines, with FDA approval dating to 1970. (1)

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