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: 6-8 hours

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None (3)

None (236)

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Research material (131) · Classic Psychedelic (69) · Stimulant (43) · Opioid (31) · Sedative-hypnotic (29) · Tryptamine (26) · Phenethylamine (25) · Botanical (23) · Benzodiazepine (22) · Anticonvulsant (19) · Dissociative (19) · Analgesic (17) · Antidepressant (17) · Antipsychotic (17) · Antiparkinsonian (16) · Empathogen (16) · Neuroleptic (16) · Plant Medicine (16) · Cathinone (14) · Nootropic (13)

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5-HT2A agonist (27) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (22) · None (18) · Monoamine releasing agent (11) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Sodium channel blocker (6) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · GABAA potentiator; NMDA antagonist (5) · Phenothiazine D2 antagonist (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · 5-HT1B/1D agonist (4) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Muscarinic receptor antagonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (4)

None (412) · 10 mg PO 30 min before bedtime (with ≥7 hours of sleep planned) (1) · 10-20 mg PO/IV once daily; titrate by clinical response. 1:1 IV to PO conversion (unlike furosemide's 1:2) (1) · 100-200 mg PO TID after meals × no more than 2 days when used with concurrent antibiotic (1) · 25 mg PO at bedtime (no titration); may increase to 50 mg if 25 mg inadequate (1) · 250-500 mg PO every 6-8 hours (1) · 250-500 mg PO QID; 7.5-12.5 mg/kg IV q6h; topical and ophthalmic per formulation (1) · 5 mg PO (1) · 5 mg PO at bedtime; may increase to 10 mg if inadequate (1) · 500 mg PO every 6 hours, or 250 mg every 6 hours for mild infections (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Allergy: 4 mg PO TID. Serotonin syndrome: 12 mg loading dose PO or by nasogastric tube, then 2 mg every 2 hours until clinical improvement. Appetite stimulation: 2-4 mg PO TID-QID (1) · Anxiety: 0.5-1 mg PO BID-TID. Insomnia: 1-2 mg PO at bedtime. Status epilepticus: 4 mg IV (adult), repeat after 5-10 minutes if needed. Acute agitation: 1-2 mg IM (1) · Oral 300-450 mg PO QID; IV 600-900 mg q8h; topical 1% solution/gel BID; vaginal 100 mg ovule × 3 days or 2% cream × 7 days (1)

None (397) · 25 mg, 50 mg tablets (1) · 250 mg, 500 mg tablets; 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL suspension (1) · 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg capsules; 250 mg/5 mL, 125 mg/5 mL suspension; tablets (1) · 250, 500 mg base or stearate tablets; ER tablets; ethyl succinate 200 mg/5 mL suspension; 500 mg, 1 g IV (lactobionate); 2% topical solution/gel; 0.5% ophthalmic ointment (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg tablets (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg tablets (1) · 5, 10, 20, 100 mg tablets; 10 mg/mL IV (1) · 75, 150, 300 mg capsules; 75 mg/5 mL solution; 150 mg/mL IV; 1% topical; 2% vaginal cream (1) · 95 mg (OTC), 99.5 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg tablets (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Desoxyn 5 mg tabs (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Tablets 0.5, 1, 2 mg; oral concentrate 2 mg/mL; injection 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL; Loreev XR capsules 1, 2, 3 mg (1) · Tablets 4 mg; oral syrup 2 mg/5 mL (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (413) · 10 mg/d (1) · 10 mg/day (anxiety, oral) (1) · 2 g/d typical (1) · 20 mg/d (1) · 200 mg/d typical practical ceiling (1) · 25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label) (1) · 32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling (1) · 4 g/d (1) · 4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects) (1) · 4.8 g/d (IV severe infection) (1) · 50 mg/d (1) · Limit to 48 hours of use to avoid hemolysis and methemoglobinemia (1)

None (397) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · IM (1) · inhalation (2) · intramuscular (1) · intravenous (1) · IV (3) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (23) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (prescribed) (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · topical (3) · vaginal (1)

None (414) · 30-60 minutes (1) · 30-60 minutes (oral); 5 minutes (IV); 15-30 minutes (IM) (1) · Hours (4) · PO 1 hour; IV 10 minutes (1) · Symptom relief within 30 minutes (1) · ~30 min (3)

None (414) · 12-15 hours (intermediate); '''no active metabolites''' (key clinical feature)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"' (1) · 3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"' (1) · 8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · ~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F2-QINU`"' (1) · ~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"' (1) · ~12 hours (1) · ~17-19 hours (longer than daridorexant) (1) · ~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"' (1) · ~30-60 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E76-QINU`"' (1) · ~7-10 hours (variable; longer in renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB4-QINU`"' (1) · ~8 hours (shorter than suvorexant and lemborexant) (1)

None (414) · 90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"' (1) · ~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"' (1) · ~44% (1) · ~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"' (1) · ~62% (1) · ~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"' (1) · ~82% (1) · ~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1)

None (413) · Avoid where possible; class concerns as for other loop diuretics.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Category C (per Desoxyn label) (1) · Generally considered safe.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (2) · Limited data; avoid (3) · Limited data; not first-line in pregnancy.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Some signal for cleft lip/palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

None (410) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · OTC (lower doses) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US (1) · OTC (ophthalmic ointment) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Rx, Schedule IV (US) (3) · Schedule II (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (4) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for Clostridioides difficile colitis (one of the most C. difficile-inducing antibiotic classes)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001444-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"' (1)

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